Research in Intellectual Disabilities Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the relationship between challenging behaviours, mood and Interest/Pleasure in adults with severe and profound Intellectual Disabilities. Answer: Research Methodologies The article by (van Timmeren, et al., 2017) examines cross-sectional studies to determine the prevalence of health problems among adults suffering from severe or profound intellectual and motor disabilities (SPIMD). Although previous studies have shown that patients often experience different patterns of health issues, little is known on their high level of risk of secondary health complications if not detected and diagnosed in time. To achieve this end, they adopted the use of systematic review as the most appropriate method to assess relevant research studies that addressed the research area of interest. The authors relied on secondary data to gather relevant information on the subject area of interest. Thus they conducted a database search using a broad range of terms related to physical health as opposed to specific health terms to ensure that all potentially relevant studies were captured for the review. In the end, a total of 20 studies were sampled to be analyzed(van Timmeren, et al., 2017). The study population included relevant cross-sectional studies and peer-reviewed articles published in English in the years between 2004 and 2015(van Timmeren, et al., 2017). The sampling procedure involved the selection of literature that had a focus on physical health, and thus all studies that concentrated on mental and behavioral disorders were excluded from the study. Further, the study adopted cross-sectional study design which according to (Green Thorogood, 2013) is the most appropriate in quantifying the prevalence of health-related issue in health sciences. Two independent reviewers were set to analyze the characteristics of the included studies and extract relevant data utilizing a protocol designed specifically for the review. Univariate data analysis was adopted to examine the rate of prevalence of physical health problems in the included studies(van Timmeren, et al., 2017). According to (Burke Heller, 2016), many adults suffering from intellectual and development disabilities are often encountered with yet another problem of many unmet needs such as lack of proper housing, employment assistance, and basic health care. To them, the number of people waiting for these services is on the rise, thus presenting the need to identify the discrepancies in the extant literature about the unmet requirements of the patients in the adult service provision programs in the United States. However, considerably little empirical research has been done to clearly state who among the patients have the greatest needs that are not met and thus are eligible for the limited funding from the government(Burke Heller, 2016). The study used qualitative research design where survey questionnaires were used to collect primary data from a target population of 10,894 people who were suffering from intellectual and developmental disabilities. The authors used a simple random sampling technique to get a manageable size of 3000 which comprised of the caregivers of the patients who were either on or off of the waiting list. Pointedly, the authors targeted specifically those caregivers who were 18 years and above and their offspring were also over 18 years at the time of the data collection. All respondents whose family members were receiving services from the Medicaid waiver were excluded from participating in the study(Burke Heller, 2016). Moreover, upon receipt of the completed survey questions, all responses that had incomplete data or were completed by state caregivers were excluded from the final entry and subsequent coding and analysis. They used univariate analysis as well as multiple regression methods to determine how the caregivers and the PDD contributed to the increasing number of unmet service needs(Burke Heller, 2016). The growing need to stimulate a sense of independence and self-determination among people with development disabilities (PDD) has seen many scholars examining the travel requirements and behavior of these groups of individuals. Arguably, the ability to move to wherever one desires is one essential element in determining the level of ones autonomy to choose whatever one needed. However, the extant literature places a lot of emphasis on the people with only physical disabilities with little attention given to those individuals with non-sensory developmental incapacities. Thus, in their paper, (Wasfi, Steinmetz-Wood, Levinson, 2016) sought to establish the reasons for the desired but unmet transportation needs of adults who have developmental disability. In other words, the study attempted to bridge the existing gap in previous studies by presenting empirical evidence that(Green Thorogood, 2013) transportation desires but unmet needs are not only limited on the physically disabled. The study used descriptive research design which according to(Green Thorogood, 2013) involved observing the subjects in their natural environments without interference. To this end, primary data was used in the study partly because there was no adequate secondary data for the particular population of interest. The researchers used a survey to gather data from the field and this conducted in the residential areas of the individual participants in order to compute their neighborhood walkability. This involved computing connectivity of the streets, access to leisure parks and activities as well as land use mix (Wasfi, Steinmetz-Wood, Levinson, 2016). Although people with developmental disabilities form approximately 1.2 or 1.65 percent of the United States total population at the time of the study, the study population included only those either working or living in Hennepin County, Minnesota. The sampling procedure was done through collaborative efforts with the disability and commun ity services organizations in the region(Wasfi, Steinmetz-Wood, Levinson, 2016). The study utilized logistic regression analysis to determine the given reasons for the inability of PDD to make desired but untaken expeditions. The study by(Bernstein, Visconti, Csorba, Rojahn, 2015) is founded on the premises set by previous studies by Hayes et al. (2011) who attempted to expand and replicate the findings of Ross and Oliver (2002). Using 52 institutionalized patients with ID, Hayes et al. (2011) observed that the occurrence and severity of challenging conduct varied significantly between those who had behavior problems on the one hand and those who did have on the other. Thus in the efforts to expound of the findings of the previous scholars, (Bernstein, Visconti, Csorba, Rojahn, 2015) sought to examine whether the mood and interest of adults suffering from either moderate or profound intellectual disability (ID) had predictive challenging behavior or not. However, contrary to the extant literature, the researchers used a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. According to (Jacobsen, 2016) a combination of the study designs provided the researchers an opportunity to study and cr itically compare many different variables at the same time while observing the developmental changes in the target population both at individual and group levels. The study used primary data that was gathered from a study population of 50 adult participants who were living in the habilitation home located in Budapest, Hungary. The residential facility was deemed fit for the study because it provided accommodation for adults (over 18 years old) who were suffering from intellectual disabilities. Secondary data was also used to supplement the findings of the data gathered from the field. The sampling procedure for the potential participants in the study involved the selection of only those patients who displayed either severe behavioral or mental health problems to demand closer professional attention (Bernstein, Visconti, Csorba, Rojahn, 2015). Both comparative and multiple regressions analysis was used to determine whether the rating of mood and interest of the patients were predictive of their changing behavior. Evidently, the authors used the former analysis method to provide a comparative synthesis of their findings and the previous study o utcomes. At the same time they wanted to predict the value of the patients mood and interest on the basis of the value of their challenging behaviors such as which included stereotypic, aggressive and self-injurious (Bernstein, Visconti, Csorba, Rojahn, 2015). References Bernstein, A. M., Visconti, K. J., Csorba, J. R., Rojahn, J. (2015). The relationship between challenging behaviours, mood and interest/pleasure in adults with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(11) 1033-1041. Burke, M. M., Heller, T. (2016). Disparities in Unmet Service Needs Among Adults with Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. Green, J. . Thorogood (2013). Qualitative methods for health research. California: Sage Publications. Jacobsen, K. H. (2016). Introduction to health research methods. . Burlington: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.sa/books/about/Introduction_to_Health_Research_Methods.html?id=j0F-8jQ4FvICredir_esc=y van Timmeren, E. A., Schans, C. P., Putten, A. A., Krijnen, W. P., Steenbergen, H. A., Schrojenstein Lantman?de Valk, H. M., Waninge, A. (2017). Physical health issues in adults with severe or profound intellectual and motor disabilities: a system. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61 (1)30-49. Wasfi, R., Steinmetz-Wood, M., Levinson, D. (2016). Measuring the transportation needs of people with developmental disabilities: A means to social inclusion. Disability and health journal.